We may have heard that
there are two things certain in our life, namely death and tax but
what if I tell you tax is not always certain in some fortunate
circumstances as it has been enjoyed by some multinational companies
as well as some wealthy people.
The story is how we may see on
how international tax avoidance could be legally done and cause
double non taxation. It may sounds too good to be true, but the story
below is definitely not a story from utopia land.
Death and Taxes
What are certain things in
life? Benjamin Franklin, a former US President said in his letter,
that "The only things certain in life are death and taxes,”
and “in this world nothing can be said to be certain, except death
and taxes.” His remarks are quite well known as it is used many
times, for instance in this publication.
People still dream of a
land or a country without tax, where people could live their joyful
life and not paying tax or pay as low as they can be. The rich will
become richer and could please themselves with the money they have.
It may refer to the so-called tax haven or low tax jurisdiction where
no tax or very low tax has to be paid. There are different definition for tax haven and it could be found in many countries which may also
serve as financial offshore center.
OECD surveys shows that
the happiest people on earth live in high tax country not in low tax
country, it is supported by the fact that the tax money is used to
support welfare system including healthcare, free education,
infrastructures, public service etc.
But the question is, is it
really true that tax is always certain in our life?
There is even a joke
saying that death and taxes may be certain, but we don't have to die
every year.
Tax Avoidance
Let me share a story about
Starbucks, a well-known coffee brand famous worldwide.
Let us see what the famous
companies, as multinational companies has done in the last decade.
Starbucks in the UK did
not pay tax for many years, the reason is they suffer losses
Amazon sold lots of books
in the UK as part of the company’s operation in Europe but the
company could pay no tax in UK. Tax in here refers to both income
tax and value added tax (VAT) or also known as GST.
Perhaps in lower level,
Google has managed to pay much lower tax rate, with only
Because of public pressure
in the UK, several companies decided to pay the tax to UK government
Story about Amazon and
Starbucks
Based on investigation, it
is found that Starbucks had made over £3bn in UK sales since 1998
but had paid less than 1% in corporation tax. For many years,
Starbucks suffered losses, for 5 consecutive years until 2012 though
the management claimed that the business is profitable
Starbucks, for example,had sales of £400m in the UK in 2012, but paid no corporation tax.
It transferred some money to a Dutch sister company in royalty
payments, bought coffee beans from Switzerland and paid high interest
rates to borrow from other parts of the business.
Starbucks has said it isdown to where the company books its profits. Accounts filed for its
British, German and French units, which make up 90 percent of
European revenues, show a loss of $60 million in 2011, hence very
little tax.
Amazon
The company was also underthe spotlight since 2012. Online retailer Amazon had
generated sales of more than £7.6bn in the UK over the past three
years until 2012 but had not paid any corporation tax on the profits
from those sales.
Amazon employs hundreds of
staff in the UK, at several large depots, selling tens of millions of
items each year to millions of UK customers.
(http://www.bbc.com/news/business-17625874 )
In 2012, also reportedthat Amazon.co.uk, Britain's biggest online retailer, generated salesof more than £3.3bn in the country last year but paid no corporationtax on any of the profits from that income and it is under
investigation by the UK tax authorities despite the fact that It is reported that Amazon
sells nearly one in four books sold in Britain
Amazon has a near
monopoly of the UK digital book publishing market. According to
reliable estimates, it sells nine out of 10 ebooks in the UK.
Amazon also pays no VAT,or also known as GST, in UK, but it does pay VAT in Luxembourg. The benefit is 3% VAT on sales of ebook and not 20% VAT which applies inUK.
Amazon in UK operation
pays 3% VAT on the sales of eBook to Luxembourg but not to UK Taxauthorities which applies 20% VAT. The price of ebooks in
Britain is expected to plummet following a vote in Brussels this week
that could cut VAT on them from 20 per cent to zero.
Amazon’s EU base is inLuxembourg and its customers in Britain are treated as buying theirgoods from there, even if they are distributed from a warehouse in
Britain. Profit on sales to British shoppers is accounted for as a
profit in Luxembourg.
Google
In 2012, it is known that
despite generating $18 billion of revenue in Britain from 2006 to
2011, the Internet search giant paid only $16 million in taxes to
British authorities or around 0,0056 %.
Google says it does not
have a sales presence in Britain and therefore cannot be considered
resident for tax purposes, lowering its obligations.
An investigation byReuters has shown that some of the 1,300 people employed by Google UK
Ltd are engaged in sales-type work or have titles that suggest
involvement in sales and marketing activities, but Google says it
hires people with a sales background even if they are not directly
involved in selling.
Google has faced fiercecriticism for designating its UK office as primarily a marketingoperation, apparently supporting its European base in Ireland. But a
Reuters investigation alleged that Google's employees in the UK were
actually responsible for sales and not their colleagues in Ireland.
Google brazenly arguedbefore this committee that its tax arrangements in the UK aredefensible and lawful. It claimed that its advertising sales take
place in Ireland, not in the UK.
To avoid UK corporation
tax, Google relies on the deeply unconvincing argument that its sales
to UK clients take place in Ireland, despite clear evidence that the
vast majority of sales activity takes place in the UK.
Apple sells to non-US
customers from a base in Ireland, while Google has an Irish business
though which the search giant’s UK sales are funneled.
A Mail on Sunday analysisin 2012 found that Apple, Amazon and Google would have paid more than £600million in corporation tax in 2010 if their sales to British
customers had gone through a UK company. They actually paid
£15million.
Apple Inc.
An investigation by theU.S. Senate showed that the maker of iPads and iPhones had
paid just 2 percent tax on income of $74 billion over the past three
years, largely by exploiting an unusual loophole in Ireland's tax
code.
Apple sells to non-UScustomers from a base in Ireland, while Google has an Irish business
though which the search giant’s UK sales are funnelled.
What do the companies do to deal
with those issues?
Those companies
abovementioned has to face boycott from the customers, name and
shaming for the multinationals. Some of them had to deal with the
parliament in UK and some of the videos could be seen on how to
answer the questions.
Income Tax
For Starbucks, what they
plan is they volunteered to pay £20m “to head off a consumer boycott”.
Starbucks offered onWednesday to pay about £10 million ($16.05 million) a year incorporate taxes in Britain — or £10 million more than it paid last
year. Starbucks said that in 2013 and 2014 it would refrain from
claiming certain tax deductions that helped reduce its tax bill to
zero in Britain over the last three years.
It seems unfair for
domestic companies in the UK while multinational companies could
escape income tax.
VAT
The European commission –which oversees European Union law as the EU's executive arm – onWednesday gave Luxembourg 30 days to increase its VAT rate on digitalservices from 3% to 15%. This will close a tax loophole that hasencouraged companies such as Amazon, Skype and Netflix to be based in
Luxembourg to benefit from the 3% rate when selling throughout the
EU.
Tax Avoidance and Tax
Evasion
The story is not always a
rosy picture of how the companies or even a person could escape the
certain thing in life, since Dolce and Gabbana from Italy was foundguilty of tax evasion and the duo has to go to prison for around 1
year 8 months after they transfer their famous brand to a subsidiary
company in Luxembourg and accordingly accused for not declaring 1
billion euro of income.
The overall story serves
as wake-up call to the government and the public about tax avoidance
and its dangers.
People, the ones who tried
to escape tax
What about a person? Could
someone escape from tax?What about a criminal?
Let’s see the story of a
notorious gangster from the US since even criminals have to pay tax
We may have heard the
story of Al Capone. A story about a criminal arrested not by the
police department or ordinary law enforcement but he was arrested by
IRS, US Tax Authority after finding supporting documents and evidence
that he did not pay tax on income he received from criminal
activities.
Another story is from
anyone receiving income from non legal activities or semi illegal
activities also need to pay tax, including sex worker or drug dealer
which lead to unique idea on how they should calculate their income
by using deductible expenses:
a. A drug dealer was
arrested in the Netherlands and tax authority alleged that he didnt
pay for tax from his drug-dealing business. Because of it, the drug
dealer claimed that he could use the purchased drugs as the cost of
goods sold and he can use this as deductible expense. Due to this
case, Dutch government changed the rule and stated that any expense
related to crime could not be used as deductible expense.
b. Funny deductions for
odd jobs which have to pay taxes as well
In the country where
prostitution is legal, the woman working in that industry still have
to pay income tax, and accordingly they claim that plastic surgeryt
should be used as deductible expense for income tax calculation
It is the fact that
criminal also have to pay the tax
Tax Evasion and US Tax
Authority
In 2010, US Tax Authority
or IRS has found that there were thousands of US taxpayer hiding
their income or their money in Swiss banks and from that time the
witchhunting began to find anyone committing tax evasion by the use
of foreign offshore bank account.
As a result, like tax
avoidance, tax evasion becomes more and more difficult. It is due to
more complicated compliance program for the taxpayers.
Conclusion
At the end, could we say
that tax is something certain? There are ways to escape or avoid
taxes legally, as loopholes, but it is a fact that chances are we
have to deal with it and we do have to pay tax.
In the last few years,
when we have to prepare our tax returns, we could remember this that
tax is certain not only for company but also for any person. At the
end, I say that it is true, tax is as certain as death while it is also a fact that some loopholes could be found in any legal system in any
country.
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Note :
-The story above is taken from my speech project for Toastmaster Club
-The previous article about Base Erosion and Profit Shifting dan pengaruhnya bagi Indonesia has been based on similar issues about tax avoidance and it explained that Indonesia also faces similar issues about BEPS.
